The silent symptoms of liver disease – and ways to prevent it

 

The liver is one of the hardest-working organs in the human body. It detoxifies harmful substances, helps with digestion, stores nutrients, and regulates metabolism.

Despite its remarkable resilience – and even its ability to regenerate – the liver is not indestructible. In fact, many everyday habits, often overlooked, can slowly cause damage that may eventually lead to serious conditions such as cirrhosis (permanent scarring of the liver) or liver failure.

One of the challenges with liver disease is that it can be a silent threat. In its early stages, it may cause only vague symptoms like constant fatigue or nausea.

As damage progresses, more obvious signs may emerge. One of the most recognisable is jaundice, where the skin and the whites of the eyes turn yellow. While most people associate liver disease with heavy drinking, alcohol isn’t the only culprit. Here are five common habits that could be quietly harming your liver.

1. Drinking too much alcohol

Alcohol is perhaps the most well-known cause of liver damage. When you drink, your liver works to break down the alcohol and clear it from your system. But too much alcohol overwhelms this process, causing toxic byproducts to build up and damage liver cells.

Alcohol-related liver disease progresses in stages. At first, fat begins to accumulate in the liver (fatty liver), often without any noticeable symptoms and is reversible if drinking stops. Continued drinking can lead to alcoholic hepatitis, where inflammation and scar tissue begin to form as the liver attempts to heal itself.

Over time, this scarring can develop into cirrhosis, where extensive hardening of the liver seriously affects its ability to function. While cirrhosis is difficult to reverse, stopping drinking can help prevent further damage.

Even moderate drinking, if sustained over many years, can take its toll, particularly when combined with other risk factors like obesity or medication use. Experts recommend sticking to no more than 14 units of alcohol per week, and including alcohol-free days to give your liver time to recover.

2. Poor diet and unhealthy eating habits

You don’t need to drink alcohol to develop liver problems. Fat can build up in the liver due to an unhealthy diet, leading to a condition now called metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Excess fat in the liver can impair its function and, over time, cause inflammation, scarring, and eventually cirrhosis. People who are overweight – particularly those who carry excess weight around their abdomen – are more likely to develop MASLD. Other risk factors include high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol.

Diet plays a huge role. Foods high in saturated fat, such as red meat, fried foods and processed snacks, can raise cholesterol levels and contribute to liver fat accumulation. Sugary foods and drinks are also a major risk factor. In 2018, a review found that people who consumed more sugar-sweetened drinks had a 40 per cent higher risk of developing fatty liver disease.

Ultra-processed foods such as fast food, ready meals and snacks packed with added sugar and unhealthy fats also contribute to liver strain. A large study found that people who ate more processed foods were significantly more likely to develop liver problems.

On the flip side, eating a balanced, wholefood diet can help prevent – and even reverse – fatty liver disease. Research suggests that diets rich in vegetables, fruit, whole grains, legumes, and fish may reduce liver fat and improve related risk factors such as high blood sugar and cholesterol.Staying hydrated is also important. 

Aim for around eight glasses of water a day to support your liver’s natural detoxification processes.

3. Overusing painkillers

Many people turn to over-the-counter painkillers such as paracetamol for headaches, muscle pain, or fever. While generally safe when used as directed, taking too much – even slightly exceeding the recommended dose – can be extremely dangerous for your liver.

The liver breaks down paracetamol, but in the process, produces a toxic by-product called NAPQI. Normally, the body neutralises NAPQI using a protective substance called glutathione. However, in an overdose, glutathione stores become depleted, allowing NAPQI to accumulate and attack liver cells. This can result in acute liver failure, which can be fatal.

Even small overdoses, or combining paracetamol with alcohol, can increase the risk of serious harm. Always stick to the recommended dose and speak to a doctor if you find yourself needing pain relief regularly.

4. Lack of exercise

A sedentary lifestyle is another major risk factor for liver disease. Physical inactivity contributes to weight gain, insulin resistance, and metabolic dysfunction – all of which can promote fat accumulation in the liver.

The good news is that exercise can benefit your liver even if you don’t lose much weight. One study found that just eight weeks of resistance training reduced liver fat by 13 per cent and improved blood sugar control. Aerobic exercise is also highly effective: regular brisk walking for 30 minutes, five times a week, has been shown to reduce liver fat and improve insulin sensitivity.

5. Smoking

Most people associate smoking with lung cancer or heart disease, but many don’t realise the serious damage it can do to the liver.

Cigarette smoke contains thousands of toxic chemicals that increase the liver’s workload as it tries to filter and break them down. Over time, this can lead to oxidative stress, where unstable molecules (free radicals) damage liver cells, restrict blood flow, and contribute to scarring (cirrhosis).

Smoking also significantly raises the risk of liver cancer. Harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke, including nitrosamines, vinyl chloride, tar, and 4-aminobiphenyl, are all known carcinogens. According to Cancer Research UK, smoking accounts for around 20 per cent of liver cancer cases in the UK.

Love your liver

The liver is a remarkably robust organ – but it isn’t invincible. You can protect it by drinking alcohol in moderation, quitting smoking, taking medications responsibly, eating a balanced diet, staying active and keeping hydrated.

If you notice any symptoms that may suggest liver trouble, such as ongoing fatigue, nausea, or jaundice, don’t delay speaking to your doctor. The earlier liver problems are detected, the better the chance of successful treatment.

Signs of iron deficiency: How to recognize them?

 

Iron is an essential mineral for our health, playing a central role in the production of red blood cells and the transport of oxygen throughout the body. Iron deficiency, also known as iron-deficiency anemia, is a common condition that can have serious consequences if left untreated. But how can you recognize the signs of iron deficiency? Here are the most common symptoms and what they mean for your health: 

                                             

Excessive fatigue

One of the first and most frequent signs of iron deficiency is fatigue. Without enough iron, your body doesn't produce enough hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen in the blood. The result? Less oxygen reaches your muscles and tissues, resulting in constant fatigue, even after a good night's sleep.

Pale complexion

Lack of hemoglobin can also make the skin paler than usual. This is because hemoglobin gives blood its red color, and when you have less of it, blood flow to the skin is reduced. If you notice unusual pallor, particularly around the face, gums or inside the eyelids, this may be a sign of iron deficiency.

Shortness of breath

Without sufficient iron, the body has difficulty transporting oxygen to muscles and organs. This can lead to breathing difficulties, even during simple activities such as walking or climbing stairs. If you become short of breath easily during activities that used to be no problem, it may be time to consult a doctor.

Heart palpitations

Iron deficiency can also affect heart function. When the body lacks oxygen, the heart has to work harder to pump blood. This can lead to irregular heartbeats, also known as palpitations. If you experience frequent palpitations or chest pain, this could be a sign that you're iron deficient.

Hair loss

Hair loss can also be linked to iron deficiency. When the body lacks iron, it prioritizes sending oxygen to vital organs rather than to the hair, which can lead to diffuse hair loss. If you notice unusual hair loss, it could indicate anemia.

Restless legs syndrome

Some people with iron deficiency experience unpleasant sensations in their legs and an irresistible urge to move them, especially at night. This phenomenon is known as restless legs syndrome and can interfere with sleep quality.

Inflammation or pain in the tongue

Another common sign of iron deficiency is an inflamed or sore tongue. This condition, called glossitis, can make the tongue smooth and swollen, and sometimes cause gum pain. You may also notice cracks in the corners of your mouth.

How can iron deficiency be prevented?

The best way to prevent iron deficiency is to eat a diet rich in iron-containing foods. Here are some sources of iron to include in your diet:

Animal sources: red meat, liver, fish, poultry.

Plant sources: spinach, lentils, chickpeas, tofu, quinoa, nuts.

It's also a good idea to eat foods rich in vitamin C (such as citrus fruits and peppers) with iron-rich foods, as this vitamin improves iron absorption.

When should you see a doctor?

If you experience more than one of these symptoms, it's important to consult a healthcare professional. A simple blood test can determine whether you're suffering from iron deficiency, and the doctor will be able to direct you towards appropriate treatment.

In short, keeping an eye out for these signs can help you detect iron deficiency early and remedy it before it leads to more serious complications. So, if you're feeling tired, pale or short of breath for no apparent reason, don't let these symptoms go unanswered, and consult a doctor to take stock of your iron levels.

According to Steve Jobs, here are the signs that prove you're really smart

 

According to Steve Jobs, here are the signs that prove you're truly intelligent

Intelligence isn't measured solely by grades or thinking speed. It's sometimes hidden in unsuspected details, in attitudes that aren't immediately apparent. Steve Jobs, the visionary icon behind Apple, had a very specific idea of what distinguishes a truly brilliant mind. For him, one sign in particular revealed exceptional intelligence, far beyond conventional wisdom. So, what is this distinctive trait that, according to Jobs, makes all the difference? Let's dive into this fascinating reflection on the many facets of intelligence and discover the key element that the Apple genius considered essential.

Recognizing and Overcoming Self-Sabotage: A Sign of Intelligence

We often fall into the same traps, repeating mistakes without even realizing it. Self-sabotage, this insidious phenomenon where we hinder our own progress, is more common than we think. Whether through avoiding challenges, putting off important tasks, or doubting our own abilities, these behaviors can hinder our personal and professional growth.

However, people with high intelligence possess one essential quality: the ability to identify these destructive patterns and correct them. They step back, observe their habits, and understand why they act the way they do. This awareness is a true sign of wisdom and maturity, as it allows us to avoid falling into the same mistakes again and progress towards a better life.

Recognizing your own limitations and working to overcome them is an essential key to personal development and success, regardless of age. After all, it's never too late to change your habits and finally give yourself the kindness you deserve.

Maintaining and Repairing Relationships: A Mark of Intelligence and Wisdom

In life, building relationships is important, but knowing how to preserve and repair them is even more so. Over time, relationships—whether family, friendship, or professional—inevitably go through ups and downs. Sometimes a misunderstanding, an awkward word, or a disagreement can weaken these precious connections.

People with developed emotional intelligence know that maintaining relationships rests on three essential pillars: empathy, communication, and sincerity. They understand the importance of putting themselves in the other person's shoes, listening without judgment, and expressing their feelings clearly. A simple apology, a thoughtful gesture, or an open discussion can be enough to repair a damaged bond and prevent a disagreement from becoming a permanent breakup.

At any age, it's possible to learn how to better manage relationships. Making time for others, expressing gratitude, and forgiving are simple actions that can help cultivate lasting and harmonious relationships. After all, human connection is one of life's greatest riches—sometimes it only takes a small step to rekindle a beautiful friendship or a cherished relationship.

Knowing how to take advantage of feedback: an asset for moving forward

In life, knowing how to listen and adapt is a sign of intelligence and wisdom. Whether at work, at home, or in our daily interactions, we all receive feedback and advice. Some perceive it as criticism, while others see it as a valuable opportunity for growth.

The wisest people understand that every piece of feedback, even if it's sometimes difficult to hear, can be an opportunity for improvement. They don't react with defensiveness or frustration, but take the time to analyze, understand, and apply the advice given to them. This ability to quickly adjust one's behavior and learn from experiences is a sign of a progress-oriented mindset.

Accepting feedback without getting hung up on it, learning from one's mistakes, and adjusting one's actions allow one to progress and interact better with others. After all, it's never too late to learn and improve, and every piece of advice well received is another step on the path to personal success.

The Art of Observation: A Valuable Key to Better Understanding and Progress

In an ever-faster world, knowing how to observe is a valuable, often underestimated quality. It's not just about seeing, but analyzing, understanding, and learning from what surrounds us. The brightest minds know that details often reveal profound truths and that paying attention to small things can lead to great discoveries.

Observation allows us to anticipate, better understand human behavior, and adapt our own actions accordingly. In daily life, it helps us identify opportunities, avoid certain mistakes, and learn valuable lessons from the experiences of others. Watching how experienced people handle difficult situations can be a real source of learning and help us avoid many pitfalls.

Whether in business, family, or social relationships, cultivating our sense of observation offers an undeniable advantage. Sometimes all it takes is a moment to analyze a situation with perspective to find more effective solutions and move forward with confidence. After all, the more you observe, the more you understand... and the better you act.

Curiosity: The Engine of a Lively and Fulfilled Mind

If intelligence is fueled by knowledge, curiosity is its source. Those who question, explore, and continually seek to learn develop a deeper understanding of the world and adapt more easily to life's challenges. Asking questions, wanting to understand things deeply, and never stopping learning are all signs of an alert and agile mind.

Scientists even talk about the curiosity quotient (CQ), an indicator that reflects our thirst for discovery. The more we cultivate this curiosity, the more we stimulate our brain, which promotes cognitive development and innovation. Curious people aren't satisfied with what they already know; they constantly seek to deepen their knowledge and challenge their beliefs.

Learning doesn't stop with age—quite the opposite. Reading, asking questions, experimenting with new things, or simply being interested in an unfamiliar subject helps keep your mind sharp and alert. After all, a curious mind is one that never grows old.

Empathy: A Discreet but Essential Strength

Understanding the emotions of others and responding to them with kindness is a sign of intelligence as powerful as logic or analytical thinking. Far from being a simple sensitivity, empathy is a true skill, allowing us to build strong bonds and interact better with those around us.

People with high emotional intelligence know how to listen actively, spot subtle signs in body language, and detect when a loved one is going through a difficult time. A look, a silence, a hesitation in the voice can say a lot about how a person is feeling, and those with strong empathy know how to interpret these signals and offer support without judgment.

In a world where exchanges are sometimes rapid and impersonal, practicing empathy is a valuable quality. Knowing how to put ourselves in other people's shoes, respecting their emotions, and reacting with understanding strengthens not only our relationships but also our personal well-being. Because, ultimately, a more empathetic world is a more humane world.

Intelligence According to Steve Jobs: Knowing How to Take a Step Back

For Steve Jobs, intelligence wasn't just about degrees or quick thinking. According to him, the most telling sign of a brilliant mind is the ability to "zoom out"—that is, to step back and see the big picture of a problem rather than getting lost in the details.

In a 1982 speech at the Academy of Achievement, the Apple co-founder explained that truly intelligent people can perceive connections invisible to others, as if they were observing a city from the top of a skyscraper rather than lost in a complex map on the ground. This big-picture vision allows them to understand complex systems and navigate them more easily, spotting opportunities and solutions before anyone else.

It is this ability to see beyond the obvious, connect seemingly unrelated ideas, and simplify complex concepts that distinguishes true innovators. A valuable lesson for those seeking not only success, but also transformational change in the way they think and act.

Conclusion: Intelligence: A Global Vision for Success

Intelligence cannot be reduced to a single aspect: it results from the complex interaction of various skills that feed off one another. Whether it's taking a step back to avoid self-sabotage, maintaining strong relationships, the ability to use constructive feedback, or curiosity and observation, each facet of intelligence contributes to an individual's success.

However, as Steve Jobs so beautifully expressed, true intelligence perhaps lies in the ability to "zoom in" and see the big picture. This ability to synthesize information, step back to understand long-term issues, and make connections that others miss is what distinguishes the most innovative minds.

It is thanks to this big-picture vision that Jobs was able to anticipate trends, make bold strategic decisions, and steer Apple toward unparalleled success. Thus, adopting a holistic perspective is not only an indicator of intelligence, but also a key driver of innovation and success.

20 facts you need to know about antidepressants

Depression affects all of us at times in our lives, but as long as it's temporary, it won't require antidepressants. When this condition persists without improvement and is accompanied by symptoms associated with depression, it's important to consult a healthcare professional to determine if medication is necessary. Here's a 20-point overview of antidepressants.

There are different types of antidepressants.

Antidepressants are divided into several classes, the most commonly used being selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). SSRIs are the first choice for treating depression and anxiety disorders because they have fewer side effects than other classes. SNRIs, on the other hand, are thought to be more effective because they act on two neurotransmitters simultaneously. However, because they cause more side effects, they are used when SSRIs are insufficient to relieve symptoms.

How do antidepressants work?

People with depression appear to have an imbalance of certain neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters, including serotonin and norepinephrine, are involved in regulating sleep as well as mood and emotions. Formulated to follow the same pathways, antidepressants are thought to help optimize or counteract their action, or even modify their quantity in certain areas of the brain to help restore chemical balance.

Finding the right antidepressant can take time

Finding the right treatment is a process of trial and error that often requires time and patience. The first antidepressant prescribed will generally be the one most people tolerate. However, it's important to remember that the medication's effects are not immediate, and each person will react differently.

How long does it take to see the effect of treatment?

It can take several weeks for antidepressants to begin working. It then remains to be seen whether the pros and cons are beneficial and to adjust the dosage based on the side effects experienced, which can significantly lengthen the trial period, as the medication may sometimes not be suitable.

How long should you take them?

There's no universal length of time you can take an antidepressant; it depends on each individual's condition. However, it can take several months to achieve conclusive results. Stopping too early also increases the risk of relapse, which could require a new, perhaps longer, course of treatment. In all cases, it's important to follow your doctor's recommendations.

Side effects that diminish

As with many other medications, antidepressants can be associated with side effects. The most common include headaches, dry mouth, nausea, drowsiness, agitation, sleep disturbances, and decreased libido. However, it's important to keep in mind that these side effects generally diminish over time and are milder with the most commonly prescribed products than with other classes of antidepressants.

Is there a risk of addiction?

Contrary to popular belief, antidepressants are not addictive. However, stopping their use can cause withdrawal symptoms, as the body becomes accustomed to them. Therefore, it's important to stop taking them gradually, as directed by your doctor.

Natural Antidepressants for Mild to Moderate Depression

St. John's Wort and saffron are said to be just as effective and generally have fewer side effects than synthetic antidepressants for treating mild to moderate depression. These adverse effects are most commonly observed with St. John's Wort (digestive disturbances, insomnia, photosensitivity), which can also interact with other medications (oral contraceptives, antiretrovirals, blood thinners, conventional antidepressants). As for saffron, it is not recommended for pregnant women, as it may cause uterine contractions. Beware of self-medication: even if it is natural, an antidepressant can cause more harm than good if not accompanied by proper monitoring.

Beware of Combining Antidepressants

Taking more than one SSRI drug at a time can be dangerous in some cases. Serotonin produces a vasoconstrictor effect, meaning that too high a concentration can significantly narrow blood vessels, increasing the risk of headaches or strokes. Some other classes of antidepressants have contraindications; combining them with SSRIs or SNRIs can also pose risks. Do you have any concerns about your medication? Don't hesitate to discuss it with your doctor or pharmacist.

Reduce risks upstream

Taking the time to talk with your doctor before starting antidepressant treatment allows you to get an idea of what to expect and reduce certain associated risks. Be sure to discuss your symptoms, personal and family history of mental illness, allergies, medications taken (including vitamins and natural products), and, in the case of women, indicate whether you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Actively participate in your treatment

For antidepressant treatment to be effective, the best way is to be involved in the process. Keeping a journal of the positive and negative effects observed (mood, anxiety level, sleep, appetite, etc.) and reporting it to your doctor during follow-up appointments will allow them to determine if the chosen approach is the right one or if adjustments are needed.

Other Uses of Antidepressants

Because antidepressants help reduce certain symptoms, if their benefits outweigh their side effects, a healthcare professional may sometimes prescribe them for the treatment of conditions other than depression. These include anxiety disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bulimia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and insomnia.

Beware of Drug Interactions

Antidepressants can interact with other medications or natural health products. And the fact that they are available over the counter doesn't make these combinations safer. For example, taking SSRIs with anti-inflammatory pain relievers like ibuprofen can increase the risk of internal bleeding.

Combining antidepressants with psychotherapy

Antidepressant treatment has limited effect. This is why it is strongly recommended to combine it with psychotherapy. Complementing medications, which act on a biological level, psychotherapy addresses the psychological dimension of depression. The best results are generally achieved when the two are combined.

A healthy mind...

In addition to helping maintain good health and redirecting thoughts away from illness, physical activity may also be beneficial in reducing symptoms associated with depression—in combination with antidepressants in more severe cases. This effect is thought to be due in particular to the release of endorphins and neurotransmitters in the brain, substances associated with well-being.

Substance Use and Caffeine

Alcohol, whose tolerance may be reduced by medication, is likely to amplify symptoms of depression or anxiety, and may also interact with antidepressants, including worsening some of their side effects. As for caffeine, since its stimulant action can further disrupt sleep already affected by depression or anxiety, it is best to avoid it.

Is there an upper age limit for taking antidepressants?

Due to the estimated increased suicide risk associated with them in children and adolescents, antidepressants should only be used if psychotherapy proves ineffective and should be closely monitored. As for older adults, they are more likely to experience side effects and drug interactions than other adults. Therefore, they will generally be prescribed lower doses, which will be increased very gradually.

Marked increase in antidepressant use in 2020

According to data collected by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the health crisis has had serious consequences on the mental health of the global population. The prevalence of depression and anxiety has more than doubled in several countries, and antidepressant prescriptions have seen a marked increase.

Safe for pregnant or breastfeeding women?

Since depression can impair a person's ability to care for their child, if the benefits of treatment outweigh the risks, a pregnant woman may be advised to continue it. As for newborns, while antidepressants can affect them when taken shortly before delivery, they are not thought to increase the risk of birth defects, and their effects disappear within three days to two weeks. Finally, since a very limited amount of antidepressants passes into breast milk, it is considered safe.

Who should not take antidepressants?

The use of antidepressants may require greater caution in certain people. This is particularly the case for those with epilepsy (increased risk of seizures), liver or kidney disease (which can affect their elimination), malnutrition with low protein, or a history of cardiovascular disease with heart rhythm disturbances. Hence the importance of consulting a healthcare professional before starting such treatment.

Parents always have a favorite child... and here is what it is!

 

Parents always have a favorite child... and here's who they are!

Who hasn't suspected their parents of having a favorite? Between sibling rivalries and feelings of injustice, the question of the favorite child has always fueled family discussions. A new study conducted by researchers at Brigham Young University (BYU) in the United States has just confirmed that parents do indeed have a fondness for one of their children. But what are the criteria that influence this preference?

Older Children: More Independent, but Less Pampered

Contrary to the idea that the eldest child receives preferential treatment, the study shows that firstborns generally have more autonomy, but also more responsibilities. Parents, often more demanding with them, pay them less attention over the years. This dynamic can give the impression that younger children have more of an advantage, which fuels tensions within siblings.

Younger children: parents' favorites?

According to the study's results, younger children generally receive more lenient treatment. They receive more emotional support and benefit from a more flexible parenting framework. This trend is partly explained by the experience parents have with older children: they are often less stressed and more relaxed when raising their youngest children.

Girls have a slight advantage

Another interesting point highlighted by the research is the issue of gender. Parents tend to slightly favor their daughters over their sons, although this preference is often unconscious. Interestingly, this distinction is more noticeable among the parents themselves than among the children, who do not necessarily feel this difference in treatment.

Personality plays a key role

Far beyond birth order or gender, a child's personality also influences parental preference. Researchers have found that the most responsible and agreeable children—those who obey easily, show empathy, and take initiative—generally receive better treatment. Thus, a caring and independent child, regardless of their sibling rank, is more likely to be the favorite.

A message to parents: balance is key

Faced with these revelations, should we feel guilty as a parent? Absolutely not, replies Professor Alex Jensen, lead author of the study. It's natural to have a greater affinity with a child due to personality, shared interests, or family background. The key is to be aware of this to avoid creating a feeling of injustice in other children. As the expert emphasizes, "children will let you know if they find something unfair. It's important to listen and adjust your behavior if necessary."

So, are you the favorite child?

While this study may rekindle family debates, it also serves as a reminder that every child is unique and perceives parental love in their own way. Ultimately, what matters most is the overall relationship with their parents, not a fleeting favorite status. But admit it... You already have a good idea of who the family favorite is, right? 😉

Eating bread every day: the surprising consequences on health

 

Ah, bread! This faithful companion of our meals, this silent hero of our breakfasts, sandwiches and improvised dinners. Whether white, wholemeal, seeded or gluten-free, bread is everywhere. But what really happens when you eat it every day? Spoiler alert: it's not so black or white. Hang on, we're unpacking everything!

Energy fuel at the top

First, let's set the record straight: bread is a fantastic source of energy. Rich in complex carbohydrates, it fuels your body and brain throughout the day. Wholemeal bread, in particular, is a treasure trove of fiber, B vitamins, and minerals like magnesium and iron. Translation: your digestion will thank you, your cholesterol levels will tend to be better and your energy levels will remain stable. If you have ever felt a drop in diet after a meal that is too sweet, you should know that wholemeal bread helps to avoid this slump thanks to its lower glycemic index.

White bread vs wholemeal bread: the match

Not all breads are created equal. White bread, refined and often devoid of a good part of its fiber and nutrients, can cause blood sugar spikes. Basically, it means a boost followed by a fast descent, which can cause you to snack more often. Wholemeal bread stands out for its richness in fiber. The result: better satiety, a top transit and fewer uncontrollable cravings.

Gluten: friend or foe?

Ah, the famous debate on gluten... If you don't have celiac disease or proven sensitivity, there's no need to demonize this protein naturally present in wheat. On the other hand, if you experience bloating, fatigue, or digestive discomfort after consuming bread, it may be a good idea to explore other options like sourdough bread (more digestible) or gluten-free alternatives.

Bread, a pleasure to be enjoyed in moderation

As is often the case with food, the idea is to find a balance. Bread is neither an enemy nor a magical food. It can be integrated into a balanced diet, provided you choose the right versions and vary with other sources of carbohydrates (brown rice, quinoa, sweet potatoes, legumes, etc.). In short:
Wholemeal bread: great for energy, satiety and digestion.
White bread: OK, but in moderation because it makes blood sugar rise quickly.
Gluten-free bread: useful for people with intolerance, but not a necessity for everyone.
Pleasure above all: a good slice of bread is good for morale, so let's avoid unnecessary guilt.

Eating bread every day is possible and even beneficial if you make the right choices. Opt for breads rich in fibre, integrate them into a varied diet and above all, enjoy them! Because between us, a nice slice of fresh bread is a simple little pleasure that it would be a shame to deprive ourselves of.

Trump's ultimatum free trade between the United States and the European Union

The Hidden Issue: The European Automotive Industry Under Threat

The hardest-hit sector: the European automotive industry at the forefront. Volkswagen, Stellantis, Renault, and BMW all fear the increase in the tax, which could reach 27.5% or even 30%. Europe exports more than 1.3 million vehicles to the United States annually. Since April, the American market has been in decline: consumers are put off by the prospect of price increases, distributors are cutting orders, and subcontractors are on the verge of collapse. Executives are sounding the alarm: this tariff shock could cut the sector's revenue by 10 to 15% in 2025. European unions warn: at least 35,000 jobs are directly threatened in the short term, with hundreds of thousands at stake in the medium term. Manufacturers' strategy: circumvent or endure? Faced with the implacable situation, some groups are considering urgently transferring part of their production to the United States or Mexico to circumvent the tax. The problem: administrative delays, colossal investments, and uncertainty about the sustainability of American decisions.

Manufacturers are holding crisis meetings in Brussels, Paris, and Munich: should we prioritize "Made in USA" or risk stagnation? Spare parts suppliers are already experiencing the first slowdowns; the domino effect could accelerate. The American market: a sacrificed El Dorado? For manufacturers, the temptation is great to redirect their sales to Asia, where growth is more predictable, or to accelerate the transition to electric vehicles to meet the expectations of the European domestic market. But the United States still represents 20% of the global European auto market. In the event of a lasting shutdown, the industry's center of gravity will shift to China, with all the associated geopolitical risks.

Towards an all-out trade war: Europe in shock

The failure of "zero-zero," from dream to nightmare. One of the main thrusts of the European strategy was to reach a "zero-for-zero" agreement: the simultaneous elimination of tariffs on industrial and agricultural products on both sides. However, nothing is working: Washington is sticking to its 15% threshold, believing that any reduction would be perceived as weakness against China or other Asian competitors. For the first time since the creation of the WTO, the European Commission has admitted to studying a series of radical countermeasures, something never before seen. The reflex response: cascading threats. The European Union is not without arguments: already on the table is a list of more than €93 billion of American products likely to be subject to retaliatory taxes. Beef, whiskey, digital products, aircraft engines—strategic sectors carefully selected to hurt the American economy.The goal? To force the White House to back down before the deadline. But history shows that tariff escalation rarely leaves two winners. Exporters in a state of emergency. In France, Germany, and Italy, exporter associations are already recording the first damage. Frozen order blocks, contract terminations, accelerated relocations to Asia. For many SMEs, anxiety is rising: production costs are exploding, margins are melting like snow in the sun. The first job protection plans are coming out of the drawers. The shadow of deindustrialization, erased in recent years, is resurfacing.

The Hidden Issue: The European Automotive Industry Under Threat

The hardest-hit sector: the European automotive industry at the forefront. Volkswagen, Stellantis, Renault, and BMW all fear the increase in the tax, which could reach 27.5% or even 30%. Europe exports more than 1.3 million vehicles to the United States annually. Since April, the American market has been in decline: consumers are put off by the prospect of price increases, distributors are cutting orders, and subcontractors are on the verge of collapse. Executives are sounding the alarm: this tariff shock could cut the sector's revenue by 10 to 15% in 2025. European unions warn: at least 35,000 jobs are directly threatened in the short term, with hundreds of thousands at stake in the medium term. Manufacturers' strategy: circumvent or endure? Faced with the implacable situation, some groups are considering urgently transferring part of their production to the United States or Mexico to circumvent the tax.

 Problem:Administrative delays, colossal investments, uncertainty about the sustainability of American decisions. Manufacturers are multiplying crisis meetings in Brussels, Paris, and Munich: should they prioritize "Made in USA" or risk stagnation? Spare parts suppliers are already experiencing the first slowdowns; the domino effect could accelerate. The American market: a sacrificed El Dorado? For manufacturers, the temptation is great to redirect their sales to Asia, where growth is more predictable, or to accelerate the transition to electric vehicles to meet the expectations of the European domestic market. But the United States still represents 20% of the global European auto market. In the event of a lasting closure, the industry's center of gravity will shift to China, with all the associated geopolitical risks.

Agricultural and agri-food sectors on alert

Iconic products soon to be overpriced. Wine, cheese, olive oil, biscuits, cured ham: the list of European products whose prices are likely to soar is long. The United States accounts for 18% of French agri-food exports, 22% of Italian exports, and 30% of Spanish sales. The wine industry, already shaken by COVID-19 and Brexit, fears a 40% drop in its sales on American soil. For large groups, the search for alternative markets only marginally compensates for the shortfall. Small producers lack a strategy. For family-run SMEs, there's no plan B: exports to the United States sometimes account for up to half of their turnover. Higher customs duties would mean a complete halt to orders, unsold items, and the risk of accelerated bankruptcy as soon as the fall. The European Wine and Spirits Association is calling on the EU to take "swift and proportionate corrective action." But politics is bogged down:Who to protect first, how to compensate, who will pay the bill? Dangers on sensitive products: medicines and technologies .

The pharmaceutical sector is trying to convince the Trump administration not to include certain equipment and active ingredients in the list of overtaxed products. Several vital medicines are the subject of bitter discussions. European manufacturers of green technologies, medical equipment, and digital solutions also fear being targeted. There is even talk of exceptional exemptions for these products: but nothing is guaranteed, as the slightest flaw in the negotiations could turn the market into a turbulent zone.

The policy of everyone against everyone: exacerbated rivalries in Europe

Member states divided on the response. Paris favors firmness, Berlin fears industrial destruction, and Rome seeks to protect its agricultural sectors. Brussels is struggling to find a common voice. Compromise seems impossible: toughen the response, yes, but without jeopardizing entire sectors. The specter of European division resurfaces, with each capital advocating its own priorities. Discordant voices weaken the capacity for negotiation: this is an unexpected gift to Washington. Diplomacy attrition: the impression of an impossible one-on-one. Faced with Trump, every attempt at mediation runs up against the doctrine of the balance of power. The EU is divided between advocates of dialogue and those who favor public harangues. France is moving closer to Spain to negotiate sectoral alliances, Germany is seeking support from the United Kingdom, but London is sticking to its own strategy, already being assimilated by the American model.

Ultimately, the division benefits Trump, who is playing the European Union against itself. The risk of contagion to other conflict zones. If the European Union gives in, Russia, China, or India could adopt the same method, in turn imposing strict conditions on Western markets. The dream of global trade based on stable and fair rules is shattered. Multinationals are reassessing their exposure, rethinking their supply chains, and asking themselves: what's the point of betting on a divided and overtaxed Europe?

Trump Faces Global Criticism: Self-Proclaimed Isolationism

An Offensive Logic Declared in the Eyes of the World. Trump adopts a stance that runs counter to the entire transatlantic tradition. He proclaims "America First" down to the smallest detail, justifying the increase in customs duties by rebalancing a trade he considers inherently unfavorable. His advisers insist: no ally can benefit from preferential treatment, except Canada and Mexico, already subject to their own agreements. The underlying message: Europe is no longer part of the inner circle of American strategic partners. The organized response of international institutions. The World Trade Organization is stepping up to the plate, denounces the risk of fragmentation of the global economy. Judgments are multiplying, but Washington is multiplying quibbles to justify a policy deemed "in accordance with the national interest." International financial organizations—the IMF and the World Bank—are urging both parties to end the standoff, without success so far. Broken mirror of globalization 

The symbolism is powerful: at a time when global cooperation should have reached its peak, the logic of every man for himself is prevailing. Observers of the international scene note that Trump, with this decision, is tipping the ideological balance: what was the ideal of globalization is collapsing in the face of the surge of brutal bilateralism. The shock has not finished producing waves of aftershocks, from the Americas to the confines of Asia.

The American Challenge: Measuring the Cost of Retreat

American industry: winner or hostage? Trump promises that these new taxes will finance tax cuts and boost industrial employment. But American manufacturers are worried about an inevitable loss of competitiveness. Upstream, a majority of components used in American factories come from Europe. The result: rising costs, imported inflation, and the decline of certain sectors (aerospace, pharmaceuticals, luxury goods made in the USA). However, the president turns a deaf ear, convinced he can compensate with a policy of substitution and accelerated reshoring. The American consumer faces rising prices. The first consumers to pay the bill are average Americans. Cars, food products, household appliances—the list of upcoming increases is endless. 

Consumer unions warn: the temptation to buy "made in China" is likely to rise again if "made in Europe" fails to remain competitive. Of course, Trump promises compensation, but the inflationary mechanism cannot be tamed by decree. Electoral dynamics: a risky strategy? As the US elections approach, Trump is betting on a showdown. He's capitalizing on foreign fears and national pride, but he's taking the risk of seeing his base hit by the economic repercussions. For many, this is a short-sighted calculation that could backfire in the next election if a recession takes hold.

The Outlook: Towards a Global Economy Under High Tension

A New Matrix of Global Trade With the abandonment of historic tariff thresholds, each country is reinventing its own bubble. Asia is playing it safe, Africa is temporizing, South America is moving closer to China—the former bipolar world is fading away in the face of a mosaic of competing economic zones, sometimes impenetrable, always wary. Collateral Risks: Threatened Supply Chains Global transport players (Maersk, DHL, CMA-CGM) are worried about major logistical paralysis: each surcharge disrupts the entire flow, each blockage spreads from one continent to another. Europe, traditionally the heart of trade, could lose its role as an essential platform if the protectionist spiral continues.

Possible Alternative Alliances: The European Union is accelerating ongoing negotiations with Mercosur, India, and Southeast Asia. But these new markets will not offset the volume or value of transatlantic trade. Some experts predict a concentration of global trade around three major poles: America, Asia, and a partially marginalized Europe if it fails to build new, credible and aggressive alliances.

Conclusion: The New Era of Tariffs

Through this painful saga, history will remember the brutality of a decision, the speed of a fall. Trump, true to form, imposed his vision of a world where force prevails, where tariffs become the ultimate weapon. Europe is taking the hit, dividing itself, trying to bounce back – but nothing will ever be the same again. Tariffs below 15% are now history; the new normal is being written in suffering, accelerated change, and mistrust. And all this, at a time when the world needed calm, legal certainty, and a minimum of predictability. The burning question remains: who will emerge from this storm alive? And for how much longer will we survive our displays of power?

Astigmatism, the vision disorder that affects nearly half of us

 

Is Your Eye Shaped Like a Rugby Ball?

Have you ever left the ophthalmologist's office with this strange image in your head? The image that your eye looks more like a rugby ball than a round marble. Or perhaps, more simply, have you noticed that your vision is becoming increasingly blurry, and that focusing on an object or text requires constant effort? If these situations resonate with you, you're not alone. Far from it. You're probably one of the 40% of the world's population living with astigmatism. It's a word that may seem complicated, but the phenomenon is very common.

What exactly is astigmatism?

To put it simply, imagine your eye as a camera. Light enters through the front surface, called the cornea, and the image is formed on the "film" at the back of the eye, the retina. For the photo to be sharp, all parts of the apparatus (the cornea, the lens, the retina) must have a specific shape and size. When this isn't the case, the image is blurry. This is called a "refractive error." Astigmatism is precisely one of these defects, which occurs when the surface of the eye is not perfectly smooth and round. There are two main types: Regular astigmatism: This is the most common. The cornea is oval in shape, a bit like an egg or a rugby ball. We don't always know why this happens, but it often runs in families and is genetic in origin. Irregular astigmatism: Much rarer. It appears when the cornea is damaged (a scar, a small growth) or when it becomes unevenly deformed. This is the case with diseases like keratoconus, where the cornea weakens and takes on the shape of a cone.

Symptoms that should alert you

With mild astigmatism, it's possible to go unnoticed. But when it becomes more severe, vision deteriorates, and certain signs are unmistakable. The main symptoms are: Blurry or distorted vision, both near and far. Frequent headaches. Eye fatigue, especially after staring at something for a long time, such as a computer screen or a book. Astigmatism is often accompanied by myopia (difficulty seeing far away) or hyperopia (difficulty seeing up close). This can make the diagnosis a little confusing at first, but a good eye exam quickly clarifies things.

A discovery that's nothing new

You might think this is a modern condition, but it's not! As early as 1727, the great scientist Isaac Newton described how an irregular surface could disrupt the path of light. A little later, in 1800, another scientist, Thomas Young, himself astigmatism, described in great detail how this defect affected his own vision. But the real breakthrough comes from an astronomer, Sir George Airy. In 1825, also astigmatism, he noticed that he saw better by tilting his glasses. It was he who had the brilliant idea of using "cylindrical" lenses to correct this. These lenses are still used today! The name “astigmatism” came much later, in 1846. It comes from the Greek “a-” (without) and “stigma” (point), which literally means “without point”, because light does not focus on a single, clear point on the retina.

How to detect it and what are the solutions?

Astigmatism is usually detected during a standard eye exam by an ophthalmologist or optician. For more complex cases of irregular astigmatism, a test called corneal topography creates a 3D map of the cornea to reveal all its defects. Fortunately, there are several solutions to regain clear vision: Glasses or contact lenses: This is the simplest and most common solution. Cylindrical lenses compensate for the curvature of the cornea. Laser surgery: An option for permanently correcting the defect. Orthokeratology (Ortho-K): This involves wearing special rigid lenses overnight. They temporarily reshape the cornea, allowing you to see clearly all day long without glasses. It's a pretty clever system. For irregular astigmatism, rigid lenses are often the best solution. As a last resort, a corneal transplant may be necessary.

Conclusion: What about our children and grandchildren?

This is a question many grandparents ask themselves. Should we be worried if astigmatism is detected in a child? The answer is no, there's no need to panic. Astigmatism itself isn't dangerous. However, if left uncorrected, severe astigmatism can hinder a child's learning, both at school and in sports. It can even lead to other problems, such as strabismus (a squinting eye) or amblyopia, also known as "lazy eye." But don't worry. The solution is simple: regular eye checkups for children (and adults too, for that matter!). This allows the problem to be detected early and easily corrected. A quick visit to the ophthalmologist can be life-changing. According to the source: theconversation.com

Study Reveals 'Hostile' Alien Threat Could Attack Earth in Months

 

Study reveals "hostile" extraterrestrial threat could attack Earth in a few months

This is news that's sure to send shivers down your spine. A group of scientists, in a controversial study, claims that an unidentified object from another solar system could be much more than just a comet. According to them, it could be a potentially hostile extraterrestrial probe that could wreak havoc on our planet. If their theory is correct, the consequences could be, in their own words, "disastrous for humanity."

An intergalactic visitor named 3i/atlas

This mysterious object has been named 3I/ATLAS. It was spotted on July 1st, hurtling toward our sun at a dizzying speed of over 200,000 km/h. Less than 24 hours after its discovery, further observations suggested it was simply a comet. But a gigantic comet, measuring nearly 25 kilometers in diameter, larger than the city of Paris. A classic comet, then? Not for everyone.

The alternative theory: extraterrestrial technology?

This is where the story becomes worthy of a science fiction film. In their new study, the researchers propose another theory: what if this object was actually a 'technological' device? A sort of disguised spy probe, sent by an extraterrestrial intelligence. What raises their doubts are several anomalies: its speed, much faster than that of other similar objects, and the strange angle at which it entered our solar system.

A Harvard researcher behind this bold theory

It's worth noting that one of the authors of this study is no stranger. He's Avi Loeb, a highly respected astrophysicist at Harvard University. He is known for his bold theories about extraterrestrial life. He already made headlines in 2017 by suggesting that the interstellar object 'Oumuamua was not an asteroid, but a reconnaissance probe sent by an extraterrestrial civilization, due to its strange shape and speed. Source: Aviloeb CC BY-SA 4.0

A well-calculated attack plan?

According to Avi Loeb, the trajectory of the object 3I/ATLAS is particularly suspicious. It will reach its closest point to the sun on the opposite side of Earth. Loeb suggests this could be intentional, to avoid being observed too closely by our telescopes when it will be at its brightest. It is from this hidden point that it could, according to the theory, send 'gadgets' towards Earth. If the object is indeed a 'technological artifact,' it could arrive close to us in late November or early December 2025, and this could 'require the implementation of defensive measures.'

The voice of reason: 'Everything indicates it's an ordinary comet'

Of course, this theory is far from unanimous in the scientific community. Samantha Lawler, an astronomer at the University of Regina in Canada, quickly challenged this hypothesis. For her, there's no mystery: "All the evidence indicates that this is an ordinary comet that was ejected from another solar system, just as billions of comets have been ejected from our own solar system." A much less spectacular explanation, but arguably more likely.

Conclusion: Even the author of the theory remains cautious

Ultimately, even Avi Loeb, despite his sensational statements, admits that his theory is highly unlikely. He himself concludes that "the most likely outcome will be that 3I/ATLAS is a completely natural interstellar object, probably a comet." So, should we panic? Certainly not. This story reminds us above all that space is full of mysteries and that when faced with the unknown, human imagination, even that of the greatest scientists, is limitless. According to the source: medium.com